Xiaomi Mi 5

For all you Xiaomi Fans, here is yet another mobile from the Chinese giants Xiaomi. It is named as Mi 5, and it definitely is a great phone. While looking at a glance this phones is remarkable. The design is perfect not too big and not too small fits right in your pocket. 

OSPF (Routing Protocol)

For big networks in the internet what we need is a network path which is shorter and best. OSPF is a routing protocol which enables data packets to choose the best path. It is widely popular IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) which is implemented by most of the major network providers. OSPF stands for open shortest path first, this protocol determines the best path for routing the data traffic. OSPF does routing based on cost calculation, the path with lowest cost always gets the priority. Consider the example below in this network the lowest cost is 10 hence the packet chooses the path with lowest cost to reach the destination.

IOS 8 for iPhone 4s

Apple has released a new operating system IOS 8, it has new features which are great. But the question remains is it supported by phones of older generations. Well Apple has claimed that ios 8 will be supported by iPhone 6, 6+, 5, 5s and 4s. So is the new operating system up to the mark for the older phones like iPhone 4s. The answer to that question is no, as I have an iPhone 4s and when I upgraded it to ios 8. I got lots of problem after upgrading and the list is as follows.

Communication Technology in Nepal

Nepal is a third world country which is still underdeveloped in terms of infrastructure and poverty. Country is still recovering from a long civil war and the infrastructure development is very slow. The infrastructure in the main cities is also not up to the international standard.  Well that leads us to a big question where does it stand in terms of communication technology?

Huawei Honor 6

There is a new smart phone from Huawei and guess what it is really brilliant. The phone is designed like an IPHONE, and it is really classy. The phone looks great in the exterior and it is brilliant in specifications as well. The phone has a octa core processor clocked at 1.3 Ghz and has a high capacity RAM. The detailed specification of the phone is given below.

Xiaomi MI 4

In the field of smartphones there is a new company named Xiaomi. The company has a new product with brilliant spec and comes in a very affordable price. The phone has the specification which is much better than Samsung galaxy S5 and yet it comes in the price of below $400. The phone is built with excellent design and a very high end Qualcom Snapdragon processor. Below are its specifications.

Voice over LTE

Voice over LTE (Volte) can help you fulfil the vision of portable broadband over LTE, guaranteeing beneficial brilliant voice, feature and interactive media administration to your clients.

Information may overwhelm portable movement, however voice and SMS still speak to more than 70% of specialist income and are the most utilized versatile administrations.

As customers want and request more administrations for less cash, its discriminatingly critical to diminish conveyance costs if administration suppliers are to remain gainful. The adaptability and more excellent range proficiency of Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems gives some piece of the reply.

HTC Desire 610

This phone is really cool how would you like to use it. The specifications are awesome and it is most popular these days.

IPhone 5S

This is really a cool phone with great quality and lots of extra features.  Well it is Iphone so who wouldn't want it, really great looks and design check out all the specifications.

SAMSUNG Galaxy S5

There was talk of an entire new plan dialect for the Galaxy S5 with some trusting that Samsung might split far from the comparable styling of the Galaxy S3 and S4.

This hasn't happened all things considered. Configuration astute, well you can't call the Samsung Galaxy S5 terrible, since Samsung does know how to assemble a telephone well.

Anyhow in the meantime its the same tired story on the configuration front: taking a few components from the antecedent, including a few bits from the current Note and calling everything new.

HSPA (High Speed Packet Access)

HSPA - High Speed Packet Access is the most broadly sent versatile broadband engineering on the planet today and will expand upon the more than 6 billion associations with the GSM group of advances. HSPA is the phrasing utilized when both HSDPA (3gpp Release 5) and HSUPA (3gpp Release 6) advances are sent on a system. HSPA Evolved (Hspa+ in 3gpp Release 7 and past) is additionally some piece of the HSPA engineering and expands a specialist's speculation in the system before the following venture to 3gpp Long Term Evolution (LTE, or 3gpp Release 8 and past). HSPA expands on third era (3g) Umts/wcdma and is determinedly positioned as the heading versatile information engineering for a long time to come.

Long Term Evolution (LTE)

The portable systems of most specialists are seeing a remarkable ascent in information movement, because of an expanding buyer interest to enter data transfer capacity escalated substance on-the-go and the multiplication of countless apparatuses, for example, cell phones and tablets. This pattern is pushing amazingly high weight on the limit compelled system of drivers. Confronted with this test, remote suppliers requirement to overhaul their system foundation to stay aware of information.

Blu Ray DISC

Blu-ray also known as Blu-ray DISC(BD) is a name of a next generation optical disc video recording format jointly developed by nine leading consumer electronics companies(Hitachi,LG, Matsuhita (Panasonic), pioneer, philips, samsung,sharp, sony, and Thomson). The format was developed to enable recording, rewriting and play back of high definition video(HDTV). Blu-ray makes it possible to record over 2 hours of digital high definition video(HDTV) or more than 13 hours of standard-definition video(SDTV/VHS Quality) on a 27 GB disc. there are also plans for higher capacity discs that are expected to hold up to 50 gb of data. the nine companies announced the joint establishment of the specification for blu- ray disc in feburary 19 2002 and after the hard work of the professionals of those companies it is in the market from April 10, 2003. An interesting factor about the blu-ray is that in near future we can find the collection Blu-ray disc of movies in the market as we get the collection of MP3 files.

Transparent Caching

the browsers should be configured explicitly to use a proxy server. this is not a headache anymore instructing each and every client to make proxy settings. Transparent caching is very handy in such cases. transparent caches are simple and they can be easily used in a network and do not require explicit coordination with other caches. Transparent caching in context of HTTP proxy caches means the transparent hijacking of the port 80, which is the default HTTP port. the cache hijacks the port 80 traffic whenever the client tries to request to the remote servers. the client does not have to configure his/her browser. instead squid transparently picks up requests and responses to the client. squid cache/proxy server acts as transparently caching servers and fulfils the clients requests of web objects, if available locally hence making efficient web browsing.

Web Caching

web caching refers to storing locally the once referenced web objects, should any future request come for that object, it is checked for in local store and if present there it is retrieved directly from the local store instead from the original server. It saves time, bandwidth and of course money. Web caching can be done at end users desktop or on dedicated cache server. Most of the present day browsers have support for caching to some extent though they are not of high performance and limited to a computer only. the most effective way to implement cache is by service provider. they can deploy a dedicated server and high performance web caching software. Wherever caching is done the goal is the same. It is better if ISPs cache web objects so that frequently referenced sites could be serve locally instead of downloading every time from the original servers. This increases throughput dramatically. the above discussions suggests that given sufficient storage, whole internet could be cached. However this is not true, Information is dynamic in nature and so is the web. If we cache everything we end up serving stale objects to the clients. this is worse than having slow access. there are methods to ensure the freshness of an object stored in a cache.

What is FTP ?

The FTP(File Transfer Protocol) utility program is commanly used for copying files to and from other computers. FTP is a general protocol that works on unix system as well as a variety of other (non unix) systems. FTP is basically used to promote sharing of files (computer programs and/or data), to encourage indirect or implicit(via programs) use of remote computers, to shield a user from variations in file storage systems among hosts, and to transfer data reliably and efficiently. FTP though usable direclty by a user at a terminal, is designed mainly for use by programs. FTP is in common use for downloading data and programs and for uploading files such as web sites to or from the servers of the same or different architecture.(such as windows PC,MAC ,etc).

Telephone line

A telephone line is usually connected to the telephone exchange by about three miles(4.83 km) of a twisted pair of 0.54mm copper wires known by phone company as "the loop". Although a copper is a good conductor of, it does have resistance. the resistance of No 22 AWG wire is 16.46 ohms over 1000 ft at 77 degrees F(25 degree C). Because telephone apparatus is generally considered to be current driven, all phone measurements refer to current consumption not voltage. the length of the wire connecting the subscriber to the telephone exchange effects the total amount of the current that can be drawn by anything at subscribers end of line.

When the telephone is in on-hook stage the "TIP" is about 0 Volt, while the "RING" is about -28 Volt with respect to ground. when in offf-hook state and current is drawn, TIP goes negative and RING goes positive. A typical off-hook condition is TIP is about -20 V and RING is about 28 V. This means there are about 8 V voltage between the wires going to telephone in normal operation condition. The DC resistance of typical telephone equipment is about 200-300 ohms range and current flowing through the telephone is in 20-50 mA range.

Telephone System

Telephone system involves the conversion of the sound signals into an audible frequency analog electrical signal, which can be then transmitted by radio, or wire. thus the telephone systems involves subscriber, suitable transmitting media and switching center. the establishment of voice communication between customers at a distant location is the main functin of the telephone system. It must provide many other services primarily the wide variety of computer data transmission. the telephone system is mostly multipurpose digital transmission network. In modern days due to the growth of technology most of the telecommunication environment is digital. all the proceeding of the voice as well as the digital data is done digitally in the switching center. the question arises why the digital communication is being chosen over the analog one. the following points suggests some reasons.

1. Ease of multiplexing

2. Ease of signalling

3. Use of modern technology

4. Integration of transmission and switching.

5. Signal regeneration

6. performance monitoring

7. Accomodation and other services

8. Less number of repeater are required

BroadBand communication

The broad band Era has arrived as the information superhighway in the form of high speed connections to the home reaches the doorsteps. the impact of this revolution will be profound ultimately touching all aspects of our lives, from the way we recieve news, information, and entertainment to the way we communicate with others around the globe. Education, health care, commerce, and civic affairs will all be affected as advanced telecommunications services via cable, telephone lines, fiber optics, or wireless connections that link telephones, televisions computers and appliances yet to be invented become a central part of our daily lives.
We have already begun to get glimpse of this interactive future, as cable internet services in introduced as digital televisioni makes its debut, and as high speed telephone service become more widely available. there will be other breakouts to be sure, but there are no guarantees that the public intrest will be served as the broadband market place evolves. Ironically, the more things that become possible in the online environment, the more imperative it is for the nonprofit sector and other independent voices to establish a secure foothold in the new digital landscape. the higher the bandwidth the higher the stakes, in short, for those who fall behind now in the broadband revolution are at risk of never catching up.

Mail Server

A mail server is an application that receives incoming e-mail from local users (people within the same domain) and remote senders and forwards outgoing e-mail for delivery. A computer dedicated to running such applications is also called a mail server. Microsoft Exchange, qmail, Exim and sendmail are among the more common mail server programs. The mail server works in conjunction with other programs to make up what is sometimes referred to as a messaging system. A messaging system includes all the applications necessary to keep e-mail moving as it should. When you send an e-mail message, your e-mail program, such as Outlook or Eudora, forwards the message to your mail server, which in turn forwards it either to another mail server or to a holding area on the same server called a message store to be forwarded later. As a rule, the system uses SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) or ESMTP (extended SMTP) for sending e-mail, and either POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) or IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) for receiving e-mail.